“Create guided notes for the following reading. Lesson 3 Topic 1 Before 1600, the central part of the East Coast—the area around modern New York and Pennsylvania—was known as Lenapehoking (leh-nah-pee-HOH-king). It was home to a nation that called itself the Lenni Lenape. They had one of the oldest and most established cultures in the region. In later years, some Europeans began to refer to the Lenni Lenape as the Delaware people. Social Structure Although they were one people, the Lenni Lenape were divided into three groups. Each group had its own territory, and they were never united under a single government. Within each group’s territory were dozens of villages. The people of each village elected a sachem, although the sachem was more an adviser than a powerful ruler. Lenni Lenape society was strictly organized around gender roles. Women raised children, planted and tended crops, gathered plants, and tanned animal hides for clothing and housing. Men hunted and fished, and they cleared land for farming. Only men could hold political power. Lenni Lenape Culture During the winter, Lenni Lenape families lived in longhouses. Several families lived together, all related on the women’s side. In the summer, families often left their villages to pursue herds of animals. While on the move, they built temporary wigwams, each of which held one family. The Lenni Lenape had a reputation for being skilled healers. They used a variety of plants to treat illnesses, and they isolated sick people to keep disease from spreading. Both men and women trained as physicians and herbalists. Like many Native American people of the era, the Lenni Lenape passed their history and traditions down orally. Each generation would recite the nation’s past to the next, ensuring that people would know their history. Communities supported professional storytellers whose job was preserving and sharing this knowledge. Topic 2 Around the same time that Jamestown was settled, explorers sailing on behalf of the Netherlands arrived in what is now New York. When they returned to Europe, their reports inspired Dutch companies to claim part of the Americas for themselves. The Dutch Create a Colony In 1613, Dutch traders established New Netherland along the Hudson River, in an area inhabited by the Lenni Lenape. They hoped to grow rich by trading furs with the Lenni Lenape, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and others. The center of this trade was the town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. In 1626, colonial leaders offered to buy the island from the Lenni Lenape for tools and other goods. The Lenni Lenape did not share the Dutch view of land ownership, but they accepted the goods, perhaps as a gesture of friendship. To attract people to the colony, its founders gave land grants to wealthy settlers, or patroons. Each patroon had to bring 50 settlers to work on the land. Because the colony, like the Netherlands, embraced religious tolerance, people of many backgrounds were willing to take patroons’ offers. Jews, Catholics, Lutherans, Puritans, and others sailed to New Netherland. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant became the director-general, or leader, of New Netherland and made many changes. He created the first city government in New Amsterdam. He conquered the nearby colony of New Sweden and added its land to New Netherland. Stuyvesant also encouraged the transportation of enslaved Africans to his colony and personally enslaved more than three dozen people. During his time in office, New Amsterdam became a center for the trading of enslaved people, and several hundred were brought to the city. New Netherlands Becomes New York Stuyvesant was the last Dutch leader of New Netherland. By the 1660s, King Charles II of England saw New Netherland as a threat. Sandwiched between the southern colonies and New England, the Dutch land split up England’s claims and kept the English from controlling this entire section of the Atlantic coast. In 1664, the king sent his brother, the Duke of York, to take over New Netherland. The duke’s fleet captured the colony without firing a single shot. New Netherland was renamed New York, and New Amsterdam became New York City. The New Jersey Colony Soon after the English takeover and renaming of New York, the Duke of York gave some of his land to his friends Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. This gift became the colony of New Jersey. Like New York, New Jersey had a diverse population, including Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and Scots. Both colonies promised religious freedom and land grants to people who chose to move there. Topic 3 In 1681, King Charles II issued another charter for a new colony. This charter went to William Penn. Penn’s family had loaned the king money, and Penn accepted land in the Americas as payment. The colony he established was known as Pennsylvania. William Penn and the Quakers William Penn was a member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. The Quakers had different beliefs than most other Christians of the time, including the following: Men and women were equal. All religions should be tolerated. There was no need for ministers or other clergy. Because of their beliefs, Quakers were persecuted in both England and America. Penn made his colony a haven for Quakers—and for anyone else who wanted to settle there. Tolerance for all religions was built into the colony’s government from the start. Penn believed in representative government and created an elected assembly to lead the colony. However, he also allowed—and even encouraged—the enslavement of African people and was himself a slaveholder. A Successful Colony The heart of Penn’s colony was its capital, Philadelphia. Penn himself designed the city. People flocked to Philadelphia. By 1760, it had become the largest British colonial city. Like the Puritans, the Quakers emphasized the importance of hard work and thriftiness. These values helped many colonists become prosperous in their new home. In time, Pennsylvania became one of the wealthiest English colonies. In 1682, the Duke of York sold Penn some land south of Pennsylvania. This area became known as Delaware. Although officially part of Pennsylvania, it had its own governing assembly. Delaware was essentially a separate colony, but it did not formally break away from Pennsylvania until 1776. Relations with Native Americans Unlike many colonial leaders, Penn was determined to deal fairly with the Lenni Lenape. In 1682, he met with Tamanend, the most powerful local sachem, and signed a treaty promising goodwill between their peoples. Penn was opposed to violence and refused to build walls or forts around Philadelphia. He believed everyone in the area could live together in peace. However, Penn’s fair dealings with the Lenni Lenape did not last long after his death. Colonists began to force the Lenni Lenape out of their homelands. One of the worst offenders was Thomas Penn, the son of William Penn. In 1737, he exploited a document his father had signed in order to claim about 1,200 square miles of land for himself, forcing many Lenni Lenape to move. This action damaged relations between the government of Pennsylvania and the Lenni Lenape for decades. Topic 4 Because of their location between New England and the southern colonies, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware are known as the middle colonies. Although these colonies each had distinct histories, they shared many characteristics. Economies With a good climate and rich land, the middle colonies were well suited to growing many crops. Farmers there grew wheat, barley, and oats. Their harvests helped support the colonies’ growing populations. Some farmers enslaved people to work their fields. However, slavery never became as central to the middle colonies’ economy as it did in the southern colonies. Trade was also important to the economy of the middle colonies. Merchants in Philadelphia and New York City exported food and other colonial goods to markets in Great Britain and the Caribbean. This trade brought farmers, traders, shippers, and customers to the cities, and many of them chose to stay. Philadelphia in particular was the fastest-growing city in the colonies, and one of the most diverse. Diversity Because they had been founded with tolerance as a goal, the middle colonies were more diverse than other English colonies. In addition to English and Dutch settlers, the area drew people from many other parts of Europe. For example, many Scots-Irish settlers moved to the middle colonies. The Scots-Irish were people whose ancestors had migrated from Scotland to Ireland. Mostly Protestants, they experienced persecution in Ireland, which was a Catholic country. Likewise, many German Quakers and Mennonites moved to Pennsylvania in search of religious freedom. Because so many different groups lived near each other, people had to learn how to accept, or at least tolerate, each other for their colonies to thrive. Check for understanding What was the structure of Lenni Lanape society? It had no central government It was headed by a powerful king It was ruled by powerful women It consisted of a single large city Pennsylvania was created as a new home for which religion? Catholics Mennonites Puritans Quakers What resource were Dutch traders searching for when they founded New Netheralnds? Corn Fur Gold wood”