“Write a lesson that is ongoing for a semester that includes the following literary terms: LITERARY TERMS Elements of Plot 1. Exposition (know the following) Meet the characters Learn the setting Gain background information 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution (Denouement) Allegory A work in which the characters and events are to be understood as representing other things and symbolically expressing a deeper, often spiritual, moral, or political meaning. Example: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis Alliteration The repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words; generally more than 2 words A SOUND device Allusion A brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art. Analogy The comparison of two pairs that have the same relationship. Antagonist (“the bad guy”) The person (character) or thing that opposes the protagonist (main character). Archetype A typical character, action, or situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature. Characterization Method used by a writer to develop a character. Direct characterization: Telling- THe author describes the character through narration. Physical appearance - Personality - Things that Motivate them Example: Alicia was tall and well dressed. She was happy to start her first day of work, and she was feeling confident. Indirect characterization: Showing- The author hints to the reader what the character is like by describing the Character’s: Appearance - speech - thoughts and feelings - interactions with other characters Example: Alicia slammed her fist on the table, “I want all of you out of my office now.” She tore the earnings report in half and threw it into the trash. Conflict Is the opposition between or among characters or forces in a literary work that shapes or Motivates the action of the plot. **Without conflict, there is no plot** Types of conflict: -Character vs. ________________ - Character vs. ________________ - Character vs. ________________ - Character vs. ________________ - Character vs. ________________ Connotation refers to a meaning that is ______________ by a word apart from the thing which it describes _______________. Connotation Example(s): ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Diction A ____________________ of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language which combine to help ____________________. Denotation ____________ or _____________ meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings. Foreshadowing A literary device in which an author _________________________ about plot developments to come _______________ in the story. Figurative Language To describe something by ___________________ it to something else. (examples: simile, _______________, metaphor) Foil A character that shows ____________ that are in ______________ with the qualities of another character with the objective to ______________the traits of the other character. Hyperbole A _________________ and obvious ___________________ used for effect. Idiom An expression _____ interpreted _____________; understood as to mean something quite ________________ from what individual words of the phrase would ____________. Examples: It’s raining __________________; I’m as hungry as a horse; The subject is black and white. Imagery Writing or language that ____________ one or all of the ____________________. Irony Incongruity between what ______________ and what ___________________ to happen. 1. ___________ irony is when an author says one thing and means something else. 2. ___________ irony is when an audience perceives something that a character in the story does not know. 3. Situational irony is a discrepancy between the __________________ and _______________. Literal Language To ______________________________________________________. Metaphor A comparison of two unlike things using the verb "_______" (am, are, was, were, etc.) __________________ using ‘like’ or ‘as’. Example: _____________________________________ Metonymy _________________ a word for another word closely associated with it. Example: The suits were at a meeting. (suits = ______________________) Motif An important and/or _________________ image, idea, word, phrase, or action that tends to ________________ within a literary work. Sometimes motifs help to create __________________ in literature. ***NOT the same as the word “MOTIVE”*** 3 examples of motifs: _______________________________________________________________ Mood The ______________ or state of mind of a literary work. Evokes certain _______________________ in readers through words & ____________. Motivation The ______________, justifications, and explanations for the _________ of a character. Oxymoron Putting two ___________________ words together; Example: Jumbo shrimp Paradox A statement, proposition, or situation that seems to be _____________ or ______________, but in fact is or may be ___________. Parody A piece of writing that deliberately _______ another work in order to ________/critique it. Pastiche A piece of writing that deliberately ______ another work yet _______________/critique it. Personification Giving _________________ to inanimate objects; Example: The sun smiled down on us. Point of View The perspective on events of the narrator or a particular character in a story. 1st person: ___________________ are used. 2nd person: __”You”, “Your” are used. 3rd person: ________________________________ Omniscient/third-person _________________ The narrator knows the thoughts of _____ the characters and writes using “He”, “She”, and “They”… Omniscient/third-person limited - Story is told from ____________________ POV, but the reader knows things outside the main character’s POV as well. Not _________________, but more than one character’s thoughts are known Objective - The narrator is _____________ the story (not a character) and is _______ in opinion. First person/subjective- “I”, “we”; Personal opinions known. Limited-Only a ______________ character’s thoughts are known. Protagonist (“the good guy”) A story’s _____ character; -Often undergoes change; -Is a “dynamic,” “__________” character Repetition Repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an ______________________ Anadiplosis: Repetition of the ________________ in a line or clause. Anaphora: Repetition of words __________________ of clauses or verses. Rhetoric Technique of using language effectively and ____________________ in spoken or written form. It is an art of _______________, which studies and employs various methods to convince, influence, or please an audience; _____________ / Pathos / ______________ Aristotle’s Rhetoric Ethos: Appeal to the audience based on ethics/ credibility of author Pathos: ___________________________________________________________ Logos: Appeal to logic and reason – data, facts… Sarcasm Mocking, often ______ or satirical remark, intended to wound or _________; often humorous Satire The use of wit, especially ________________, parody, irony, sarcasm, and ridicule, to _____________________ politics or society; Example(s):________________________ ***NOT Saytr, as in the half man, half goat.*** Setting Details can describe: Time of day Time of ______ Time in History ____________ Weather ____________ ____________where and when the story takes place Helps build _____________________ and create images in the mind Sets the _________________ of the story Simile A _______________ between two different things using ________________________ Example: He jumped as if his feet were on fire. Stream of consciousness Literary style that presents a character’s __________________________________ ___________________________________ as they arise. Symbolism The use of __________ to represent something _____________ by something concrete. Text Structures The way a text or passage is _______________________. Types of text structures: ____________________________________________________________________________ Theme The ___________________ of a literary work. A _______________________________ A significant statement a story is making about _________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Often reads like a _________________________ not the subject of the work but instead is an insight about life or human nature. The theme is NEVER just _____________________. “Love” isn’t a theme / “Love endures all things” is a theme. Other common themes: “Good conquers evil”; “Always be true to yourself.” Tone ____________________ of the __________________ towards the subject and/or toward the audience implied in a literary work Examples of Tone ________________________: arrogant, haughty “Those people can stay in their own country for all I care.” Direct: straightforward, _____________________ “The city police reported the finding at 8:00 that evening.””